ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the autoimmunity in first degrees relatives (FDR) of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the progression to T1DM after 10 years of follow up in the Brazilian population. Subjects and methods: Non-diabetic FDR of T1DM patients were interviewed and blood was drawn for autoantibodies measurement (GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A). Serum samples were analyzed by standard radioligand binding assays performed at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (GADA, IAA and IA2A), and at the Skäne University Hospital, Sweden (ZnT8A). The FDR were interviewed by phone after 10 years to determine if they had developed T1DM. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and results were described as means and standard deviation (SD). Results: 81 individuals were analyzed. Thirteen subjects had positive autoantibodies associated with T1DM.10 were positive for 1 autoantibody and 3 subjects were positive for multiple autoantibodies (1 of them showed positivity for 2 autoantibodies – GADA, ZnT8A – and the other two were positive for 3 autoantibodies – GADA, IA2A, ZnT8A). The 3 subjects with multiple positive autoantibodies developed T1DM within 10 years. Conclusions: In Brazilian FDR of T1DM patients, the positivity for multiple autoantibodies indicate a greater chance of progression to T1DM, similar to observed in Caucasians. ZnT8A was helpful in the risk assessment for T1DM development.

ABSTRACT Objective We aimed to identify the frequency of monogenic diabetes, which is poorly studied in multiethnic populations, due to GCK or HNF1A mutations in patients with suggestive clinical characteristics from the Brazilian population, as well as investigate if the MODY probability calculator (MPC) could help patients with their selection. Subjects and methods Inclusion criteria were patients with DM diagnosed before 35 years; body mass index < 30 kg/m2; negative autoantibodies; and family history of DM in two or more generations. We sequenced HNF1A in 27 patients and GCK in seven subjects with asymptomatic mild fasting hyperglycemia. In addition, we calculated MODY probability with MPC. Results We identified 11 mutations in 34 patients (32.3%). We found three novel mutations. In the GCK group, six cases had mutations (85.7%), and their MODY probability on MPC was higher than 50%. In the HNF1A group, five of 27 individuals had mutations (18.5%). The MPC was higher than 75% in 11 subjects (including all five cases with HNF1A mutations). Conclusion Approximately one third of the studied patients have GCK or HNF1A mutations. Inclusion criteria included efficiency in detecting patients with GCK mutations but not for HNF1A mutations (< 20%). MPC was helpful in narrowing the number of candidates for HNF1A screening.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate how different parameters of short-term glycemic control would correlate with the perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Subjects and methods A total of 50 T1D patients aged 18 to 50 years were evaluated with the questionnaires Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale and Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) measure after 30 days of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Glycemic control was evaluated using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), mean glucose levels (MGL) in the prior month’s data from SMBG (Accu-Check 360o), number of hypoglycemic episodes (< 70 mg/dL and < 50 mg/dL), and glycemic variability (GV). Results PAID correlated positively with MGL (r = 0.52; p < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.36; p < 0.0097), but not with GV (r = 0.17; p = 0.23) or number of hypoglycemic episodes (r = 0.15; p = 0.17 for glucose < 70 mg/dL and r = 0.02; p = 0.85 for glucose < 50 mg/dL). After multiple linear regression, only MGL remained independently related to PAID scores. DQOL scores had a positive correlation with MGL (r = 0.45; p = 0.001), but not with HbA1c (r = 0.23; p = 0.09), GV (r = 0.20; p = 0.16), or number of hypoglycemic episodes (r = 0.06 p = 0.68). Conclusion In T1D patients, MGL, but not HbA1c or number hypoglycemic episodes, was the glycemic control parameter that best correlated with short-term perception of HRQoL.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and clinical predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM. Subjects and methods The study included 45 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (aged 36 ± 9 years) who underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound evaluation to determine the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and to assess the occurrence of carotid artery plaques. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined by the World Health Organization criteria. Results The cohort had a mean age of 36 ± 9 years, diabetes duration of 18.1 ± 9.5 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2. MS was present in 44.4% of the participants. The CIMT was 0.25 ± 0.28 mm, and the prevalence of carotid artery plaques was 13%. CIMT correlated positively with hypertension (p = 0.04) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.37, p = 0.012). The presence of carotid artery plaques correlated positively with age (p = 0.018) and hypertension (p = 0.017). eGDR correlated negatively with CIMT (r = -0.39, p = 0.009) and carotid plaques (p = 0.04). Albuminuria showed a correlation trend with CIMT (p = 0.06). Patients with carotid artery plaques were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension, and lower eGDR. No correlation was found between CIMT and carotid plaques with diabetes duration, MS, BMI, cholesterol profile, glycated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or fibrinogen. Conclusion Insulin resistance, central obesity, hypertension, and older age were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM.

Objetivo Os autoanticorpos transportadores de zinco 8 (ZnT8A) foram pouco estudados em indivíduos não caucasianos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de autoanticorpos ZnT8 em pacientes com T1D e seus parentes de primeiro grau (PPG) em uma população multiétnica, assim como a sua relação com os polimorfismos genéticos da insulina (INS) ou proteína tirosina fosfatase não receptora tipo 22 (PTPN22). Sujeitos e métodos ZnT8A foram analisados no soro de pacientes com T1D (n = 72, idade média de 30,3 ± 11,4 anos) de duração variável (15,7 ± 11,8 anos) e seus PPG (n = 72, idade média de 30,3 ± 11,4 anos) usando-se um ensaio de competição com radioligantes (RBA) para variantes dos autoanticorpos ZnT8 (ZnT8-RWQ). Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único para a INS e PTPN22 foram genotipados. Resultados A prevalência de ZnT8A foi mais alta em pacientes T1D do que nos PPG, para ZnT8TriploA (24% contra 4%, p = 0,001), ZnT8RA (24% contra 4%, p < 0,001) e ZnT8QA (15% contra 3%, p = 0,004). Todos os PPG com ZnT8A (n = 3) apresentaram positividade para pelo menos outro anticorpo. A heterozigose para PTPN22 foi associada a uma frequência mais alta de ZnT8TriploA (p = 0,039) e de ZnT8RA (p = 0,038). Conclusões Os ZnT8A foram observados em pacientes não caucasianos com T1D, mesmo depois de anos do início da doença, assim como em seus PPG. Nos parentes, houve uma sobreposição entre os ZnT8A e outros anticorpos para T1D. Os ZnT8A mostraram-se associados aos polimorfismos PTPN22. São necessários outros estudos longitudinais para se elucidar a importância desses achados na história natural de pacientes com T1D com antecedentes étnicos variados.

Objective Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) have been poorly studied in non-Caucasian individuals. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ZnT8 autoantibodies in patients with T1D and their first degree relatives (FDR) from a multiethnic population, as well as its relation with the insulin (INS) or the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) gene polymorphisms. Subjects and methods ZnT8A were analyzed in sera from T1D patients (n = 72, mean age of 30.3 ± 11.4 years) of variable duration (15.7 ± 11.8 years) and their FDR (n = 78, mean age of 18.3 ± 9.1 years) by a triple mix Radioligand Binding Assay (RBA) for the ZnT8 autoantibody (ZnT8-RWQ) variants. SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) for INS and PTPN22 were genotyped. Results The prevalence of ZnT8A was higher in T1D patients than FDR, for ZnT8TripleA (24% vs. 4%,p = 0.001), ZnT8RA (24% vs. 4%, p < 0.001) and ZnT8QA (15% vs. 3%, p = 0.004). All FDR with ZnT8A (n = 3) had at least another positive antibody. Heterozygosis for PTPN22 was associated with a higher frequency of ZnT8TripleA (p = 0.039) and ZnT8RA (p = 0.038). Conclusions ZnT8A is observed in non-Caucasian patients with T1D, even years after the disease onset, as well as in their FDR. In those, there was an overlap between ZnT8A and other T1D antibodies. ZnT8A was associated with PTPN22 polymorphisms. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate the importance of these findings in the natural history of T1D patients with multiethnic background.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum C-peptide in 88 patients from a multiethnic population with Type-1 diabetes and variable disease durations. METHOD: Eighty-eight patients with a mean disease duration of 8.1 +7.6 years were included and underwent C-peptide measurement before and after glucagon stimulation. Chi-squared and Mann Whitney U-tests were used to compare the variables between groups (all two-tailed, a = 0.05). Spearmans correlation coefficient was used to test the association between the continuous variables. Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analysis. Twenty-eight (31.8%) individuals had significantly detectable C-peptide levels after stimuli, particularly those with a shorter disease duration (p<0.001). RESULTS: Patients with detectable C-peptide levels required lower insulin doses (p<0.009) and had similar HbA1C results (p = 0.182) and fewer chronic complications (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: C-peptide detection was common in Type-1 diabetics, particularly shortly after being diagnosed. This result may have clinical implications.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre composição corporal, síndrome metabólica (SM) e resistência insulínica (RI) no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco mulheres com DM1 (36 ± 9 anos; índice de massa corporal 24,6 ± 4,4 kg/m²) foram submetidas à análise de composição corporal e RI por meio de densitometria por dupla emissão de raios-X e taxa de disponibilização de glicose estimada (eGDR), respectivamente. Vinte mulheres (45%) apresentavam SM, conforme critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). RESULTADOS: Mulheres com SM apresentaram maior gordura central e menor eGDR do que as sem SM (41,9 ± 2,0 vs. 33,7±1,8%; p = 0,004 e 4,99 ± 0,40 vs. 8,37 ± 0,39; p < 0,0001). A gordura corporal total e a gordura periférica não diferiram entre os grupos. A gordura central foi inversamente correlacionada com eGDR (r = -0,33; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Deposição de gordura central em mulheres jovens não obesas com DM1 esteve associada com SM e RI. Avaliação da composição corporal pode ser importante na identificação de pacientes com risco metabólico elevado.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the relationship between body fat composition, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (DM1). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-five DM1 women (36 ± 9 years; body mass index 24.6 ± 4.4 kg/m²) had body composition and insulin resistance determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and estimated glucose disposal ratio (eGDR), respectively. Twenty patients (45%) had MS according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. RESULTS: Women with DM1 and MS had increased central fat and lower eGDR than women without MS (41.9 ± 2.0 vs. 33.7 ± 1.8%; p = 0.004 and 4.99 ± 0.40 vs. 8.37 ± 0.39; p < 0.0001, respectively). Total body fat and peripheric fat were similar between the groups. Central fat negatively correlated with eGDR (r = -0.33; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Central fat deposition in young non-obese DM1 women was related to MS and insulin resistance. Thus, body fat composition analysis might be important to identify DM1 patients with increased metabolic risk.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se anti-GAD positivo e PC detectável se correlacionam com a presença de outras doenças autoimunes, com controle glicêmico e com risco de retinopatia no diabetes melito tipo 1 (DMT1) > 3 anos de duração. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Cinquenta sujeitos com DMT1 foram entrevistados, realizaram fundoscopia e dosaram PC pré e pós-glucagon, HbA1C e anti-GAD. RESULTADOS: Pacientes anti-GAD+ (n = 17) apresentaram maior frequência de doenças autoimunes em relação aos demais (p = 0,02). PC detectável (n = 11) também foi associado ao aumento dessa prevalência (p = 0,03), porém nenhum dos dois parâmetros influenciou na presença de retinopatia diabética. PC detectável não influenciou no controle glicêmico (HbA1C média) (p = 0,28), porém as doses diárias de insulina foram mais baixas (0,62 vs. 0,91 U/kg/dia; p = 0,004) neste grupo. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de não ser um marcador para outras doenças autoimunes, o anti-GAD+ parece ser não só um sinalizador de autoimunidade pancreática. PC detectável também parece ter papel promissor na detecção dessas comorbidades. Ambos não interferiram na presença de retinopatia, entretanto, o PC detectável se relacionou a menores necessidades de insulina.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if GADA+ and detectable CP had any influence in other autoimmune diseases, glycemic control, and risks of retinopathy in diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) lasting longer than 3 years of duration. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty T1DM subjects were interviewed, performed fundoscopic examination, and measured CP before and after glucagon, HbA1C, and GADA. RESULTS: GADA+ (n = 17) had a higher frequency of other autoimmune diseases when compared to GADA (p = 0.02). Detectable CP was also associated with a higher prevalence of these diseases (p = 0.03), although, retinopathy was not influenced by either one. Detectable CP had no influence in the glycemic control (mean HbA1C) (p = 0.28). However, insulin daily doses were lower in this group (0.62 vs. 0.91 U/kg/day; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Although not recommend as a marker of other autoimmune diseases, GADA+ seems to be not only a pancreatic autoimmunity signal. Detectable CP may also have some promising influence in detecting these diseases. Neither influenced the presence of retinopathy, but insulin daily requirements were smaller when CP was present.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de síndrome metabólica (SM) em portadores de diabetes melito tipo 1 (DMT1) maiores de 18 anos, de acordo com os critérios da International Diabetes Federation (IDF), do National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), que foram analisados comparativamente. Secundariamente, verificou-se a associação da síndrome com complicações microvasculares, idade, tempo de duração do diabetes e controle glicêmico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com 101 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Foram classificados como tendo SM pelas definições da OMS, IDF e NCEP, respectivamente, 32%, 32% e 26% dos pacientes. Observou-se marcado aumento de SM em pacientes com microalbuminúria (MAU) quando comparado a pacientes sem MAU - aumento este mais significativo com o critério da OMS. CONCLUSÕES: A SM é um achado frequente em portadores de DMT1 e, entre os critérios utilizados para defini-la, o sugerido pela OMS parece ser o mais adequado neste grupo de pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, analyzing each one comparatively. Secondarily we assessed whether MS is associated with microvascular complications, age, diabetes duration and glycemic control. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 101 patients. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent, 32% and 26% of the patients were classified as having MS accordingly to WHO, IDF and NCEP criteria. A marked increase in MS was observed in patients with microalbuminuria (MAU) when compared with patients without MAU and this increase was more significant according to by WHO criteria. CONCLUSIONS: MS is a frequent finding in T1DM, and the study indicates that WHO criteria may be preferable to identify patients with MS in this group.

Os pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) podem apresentar secreção residual de insulina por longos períodos, o que tem sido associado a prognóstico mais favorável. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a secreção de insulina por meio da dosagem de peptídeo C (PC) em pacientes com DM1 de curta (<5 anos; grupo 1) e longa (> 5 anos; grupo 2) duração da doença. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Voluntários com DM1 coletaram sangue em jejum e 6 minutos após a infusão de glucagon para dosagem de PC, HbA1c e anti-GAD. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 43 pacientes, 22 no grupo 1 e 21 no grupo 2. Secreção de insulina preservada (PC > 1,5 ng/mL) foi identificada em seis (13,9%) e oito (18,6%) casos nas coletas basal (PC1) e após estímulo (PC2), sem diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,18 e 0,24). PC1 foi detectável (> 0,5 ng/mL) em 13 (30,2%) e PC2 em 18 (41,9%) casos, mais frequentes no grupo 1 do que no 2 (p = 0,045 para PC1/p = 0,001 para PC2). Os títulos de PC1 (1,4 ±0,8 versus 1,2 ±1,0; p = 0,69) ou PC2 (1,8 ±1,5 versus 1,7 ±0,8; p = 0,91) não diferiram entre os grupos. No grupo 1 houve correlação inversa entre tempo de doença e PC2 (R = -0,58; p = 0,025). CONCLUSÃO: Uma proporção significativa dos pacientes com DM1 apresenta secreção residual de insulina, especialmente nos primeiros cinco anos da doença. Tais indivíduos representam a população ideal para estudos visando à prevenção secundária da doença.

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may exhibit some residual insulin secretion for many years after their diagnosis. This has been associated with a more favorable prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze insulin secretion in individuals with T1D using C-peptide (CP) response to glucagon and comparing patients with recent onset (<5 years - Group 1) and long-standing disease (>5 years -Group 2). METHODS: Subjects with T1D had their blood sampled before (fasting) and 6 minutes after glucagon infusion for CP, HbA1c and anti-GAD measurement. RESULTS: Forty-three individuals were evaluated, 22 in Group 1 and 21 in Group 2. Preserved insulin secretion (CP >1.5 ng/mL) was observed in 6 (13.9%) and in 8 (18.6%) patients before (CP 1) and after (CP 2) glucagon stimulus, respectively, showing no difference between the groups (p=0.18 and 0.24). CP 1 and CP 2 were detectable (>0.5 ng/dL) in 13 (30.2%) and 18 (41.9%) patients, respectively. Both were more frequent in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p=0.45 for CP1/p=0.001 for CP 2). Similar serum levels where seen between the groups, both before and after stimulus (1.4±0.8 vs. 1.2±1.0; p=0.69 and 1.8±1.5 vs. 1.7±0.8; p=0.91). Group 1 presented an inverse correlation between disease duration and CP 2 (R=-0.58; p=0.025). CONCLUSION: A significant number of patients with T1D have detectable residual insulin secretion, especially in the first 5 years of disease. These subjects are an ideal population for clinical trials that target the prevention of β cell function loss in T1D.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de doença celíaca em crianças e adolescentes portadores de diabetes melito tipo1 (DM1) no Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE). MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas amostras de sangue de 120 crianças e adolescentes portadores de DM1 do Ambulatório de Diabetes do IEDE para a pesquisa do anticorpo antitransglutaminase tecidual humana IgA e dosagem da IgA sérica. Aqueles com sorologia positiva foram encaminhados para endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsia de intestino delgado para a confirmação da doença celíaca. RESULTADOS: O anticorpo foi positivo em três dos 120 pacientes analisados. Todos os positivos apresentaram biópsia de intestino delgado confirmatória para doença celíaca, gerando prevalência desta doença no grupo estudado de 2,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de doença celíaca encontra-se aumentada entre crianças e adolescentes com DM1 acompanhadas no IEDE quando comparadas à normalidade. Como a maioria é assintomática, recomenda-se o rastreamento periódico desta doença em todas as crianças com DM1.

OBJECTIVE: Determinate the prevalence of celiac disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in attendance in Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione (IEDE). METHODS: Blood samples were analyzed in 120 children and adolescents with DM1 from IEDE Diabetes Clinic for the IgA antitissue-transglutaminase antibody and dosage of the seric IgA. Those with positive serology were guided for upper endoscopy with small-bowel biopsy to confirm the celiac disease. RESULTS: The antibody was positive in 3 of the 120 patients. The small-bowel biopsy was confirmatory in all of the positive patients, leading to a prevalence of celiac disease of 2.5% in the studied group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of celiac disease is increased in children and adolescents with DM1 when compared with normality. As most are asymptomatic, it is recommended periodical screening of celiac disease in children with DM1.

A presença de alterações do comportamento alimentar parece estar aumentada no diabetes melito (DM). Entretanto, a distribuição das diversas categorias de transtornos alimentares tende a se distinguir de acordo com a fisiopatologia do diabetes. O objetivo dessa apresentação é discutir dois casos distintos de ocorrência de transtornos alimentares no DM do tipo 1 (DM1) e no DM do tipo 2 (DM2). A paciente A é do sexo feminino, tem 19 anos e apresenta DM1 desde os 13 anos. Evidenciava sintomas depressivos proeminentes e, há 2 anos, passou a apresentar episódios de compulsão alimentar seguidos de vômitos auto-induzidos e omissão das doses de insulina com o objetivo de evitar ganho de peso. Em função desse comportamento, apresentou diversas internações associadas a uma piora do controle glicêmico. Após o uso de fluoxetina, houve remissão da psicopatologia alimentar e melhora do controle do DM. A paciente B possui 42 anos e é portadora do DM2 há 6 anos. Apresenta obesidade grau II e vinha exibindo, antes mesmo do diagnóstico do DM2, episódios de compulsão alimentar na ausência de comportamentos compensatórios, que prejudicavam o controle metabólico do diabetes. Foi iniciada fluoxetina até a dose de 60 mg/dia, com remissão do descontrole alimentar, perda ponderal e redução da hemoglobina glicosilada. A incidência de transtornos alimentares no DM1 estaria associada com um aumento da preocupação com a forma corporal e a possibilidade da omissão do uso da insulina como comportamento compensatório. No DM2, a obesidade seria um dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da psicopatologia alimentar.

The presence of changes in eating behavior seems to be increased in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the distribution of varied categories of eating disorders tends to be distinguished according to the physiopathology of diabetes. The objective of this report is to discuss two distinct cases of eating disorders in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patient A is a 19-year-old female who has had T1DM since she was 13 years old. She presented prominent depressive symptoms and 2 years ago she started presenting binge eating episodes followed by self-induced vomits and insulin omission to avoid weight gain. Due to this behavior, she had several hospitalizations associated with worse glycemic control. After treatment with fluoxetine, there was remission of eating psychopathology and improvement in DM control. Patient B is a 42-year-old female who has had T2DM for 6 years. She has grade II obesity and had been showing, even before the diagnosis of T2DM, binge eating episodes in the absence of compensatory behaviors that jeopardized the metabolic control of DM. She started a treatment with fluoxetine up to 60 mg/day, with remission of binge eating, weight loss and reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin. The incidence of eating disorders in T1DM seems to be associated with an increase in concern with body shape and the possibility of insulin omission as a compensatory behavior. In T2DM, obesity seems to be one of the factors associated with the development of eating psychopathology.

Embora existam recomendações especificas envolvendo o tratamento das dislipidemias em pacientes com alto risco, estas recomendações dificilmente são seguidas adequadamente. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar fatores de risco em pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular acompanhados ambulatorialmente no Brasil e Venezuela. Os prontuários de 412 pacientes foram selecionados em 4 instituições. Os pacientes foram divididos conforme a utilização de hipolipemiantes. Pacientes sem hipolipemiantes apresentavam níveis mais elevados de colesterol total (p< 0,001), LDL colesterol (p< 0,001) e HDL colesterol (p< 0,001), além de menores níveis de triglicérides (p< 0,001). O uso de hipolipemiantes foi associado à diminuição dos níveis de colesterol total (251,0 ± 40,0 para 196,0 ± 46,0), LDL colesterol (168,0 ± 36,0 para 116,0 ± 39,0), HDL colesterol (51,0 ± 46,0 para 46,0 ± 12,0) e triglicérides (181,0 ± 120,0 para 160,0 ± 79,0). Concluímos que apenas um pequeno percentual de pacientes, mesmo em uso de estatinas, apresenta níveis de colesterol compatível com os atualmente recomendados. Desta forma, embora as recomendações para tratamento das dislipidemias sejam bem conhecidas, um pequeno percentual de pacientes atinge os valores desejados de colesterol. É necessário um melhor controle dos níveis lipídicos dos pacientes, tanto através da utilização de doses maiores de estatinas como da utilização da associação de hipolipemiantes.

Although there are specific guidelines regarding the treatment of dyslipidemia in highly risk patients, these recommendations are usually inadequately followed. The aim of this study is to investigate risk factors in patients with increased cardiovascular risk currently treated in Brazil and Venezuela. Medical charts of 412 patients were selected in 4 institutions. Patients were divided into groups according to the use of lipid-lowering drugs (LLD), particularly statins. Patients who did not use LLD showed higher levels of total cholesterol (p< 0.001), LDL cholesterol (p< 0,001) and HDL cholesterol (p< 0.001), besides lower levels of triglycerides (p< 0.001). The use of statins was associated with a decrease in levels of total cholesterol (from 251.0 ± 40.0 to 196.0 ± 46.0), LDL cholesterol (from 168.0 ± 36.0 to 116.0 ± 39.0), HDL cholesterol (from 51.0 ± 46.0 to 46.0 ± 12.0) and triglycerides (from 181.0 ± 120.0 to 160.0 ± 79.0). Finally, only a small percentage of patients, even those under treatment with LLD, showed cholesterol levels according to currently available guidelines. Therefore, although the guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemia are widely known, only a small percentage of patients achieve adequate levels of cholesterol. It is necessary to decrease lipid levels of these patients by increasing the dose of the statins or using a second drug.

INTRODUÇÃO: Alguns estudos têm demonstrado uma freqüência elevada de transtornos alimentares (TA) e morbidade psiquiátrica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2). OBJETIVOS: Investigar a presença de alterações do comportamento alimentar e comorbidade psiquiátrica em uma amostra de pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. MÉTODOS: Setenta pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos (média de 52,9 ± 6,8), em tratamento regular em um serviço de diabetes, foram seqüencialmente avaliados. Para avaliação da morbidade psiquiátrica foi utilizado o Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, além da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica e o Inventário Beck de Depressão. Além da análise descritiva dos dados, foi realizada uma avaliação comparativa da amostra dividida em grupos, com base na presença de obesidade (avaliada através do índice de massa corporal) e de transtornos do comportamento alimentar. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma prevalência geral de 20% de transtornos alimentares, sendo o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP) o de maior ocorrência na nossa amostra (10%). O grupo de obesos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 não apresentou aumento de comorbidade psiquiátrica quando comparado com os pacientes diabéticos não-obesos. Entretanto, quando comparamos o grupo de pacientes com alterações do comportamento alimentar com aqueles sem transtornos alimentares, a presença de um transtorno alimentar esteve associada a um aumento na freqüência de transtornos de ansiedade (57,1% vs. 28,6%; p = 0,044). CONCLUSÕES: Em nosso estudo, a ocorrência de transtornos alimentares esteve aumentada em relação às taxas observadas na população geral, com o predomínio do transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. A presença de um transtorno alimentar em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 esteve associada a uma maior ocorrência de transtornos de ansiedade.

BACKGROUND: A few studies have shown high rates of eating disorders and psychiatric morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: disturbed eating behavior and psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of T2DM patients. METHODS: Seventy type 2 diabetes mellitus patients between 40 and 65 years of age (mean, 52.9 ± 6.8) from a diabetes outpatient clinic were sequentially evaluated. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Binge Eating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess eating disorders and other psychiatric comorbidity. In addition to the descriptive analysis of the data, we compared groups divided based on the presence of obesity (evaluated by the body mass index) or an eating disorder. RESULTS: Twenty percent of the sample displayed an eating disorder. Binge eating disorder was the predominant eating disorder diagnosis (10%). Overall, the group of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented rates of psychiatric comorbidity comparable to those seen in their nonobese counterparts. However, the presence of an eating disorder was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of anxiety disorders (57.1% x 28.6%; p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: In our study sample, the occurrence of eating disorders was increased compared to rates observed in the general population, with the predominance of binge eating disorder. The presence of an eating disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was associated with higher rates of anxiety disorders.